How can climate-smart agriculture be scaled up more quickly across Europe? This report identifies four farmer types - environmentalists, constrained, indifferents and traditionalists - and examines the factors that enable or hinder their adoption of climate-smart farming practices.

Based on a survey of 603 farmers across five European countries, the analysis shows that knowledge, motivation and structural conditions all play a crucial role in adoption.

The findings highlight that a one-size-fits-all approach is not effective. While some farmers are ready to lead the transition, others face barriers such as limited access to finance, market constraints, regulatory challenges or low motivation. This calls for targeted interventions and policy instruments that reflect differences between farmer groups.

The study provides insights into how behavioural science can support the green transition in European agriculture.